Evidence mapPaperPMID 42234712Full record

ArticlePLOS global public health2026

Double burden of malnutrition and its associated factors among adolescents aged (10-19) years in a rural district of Pakistan.

Muzna Hashmi, Naureen Rehman, Arjumand Rizvi, Zahra Ali Padhani, Bhavita Kumari, Mushtaque Mirani, Muhammad Khan, Sana Khatoon, Ayesha Zahid Khan, Rasool Bux and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PLOS global public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Muzna HashmiInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0090-4880
Naureen RehmanInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2070-8878
Arjumand RizviInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Zahra Ali PadhaniSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Bhavita KumariInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4083-9188
Mushtaque MiraniInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Muhammad KhanInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-0207
Sana KhatoonInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Ayesha Zahid KhanHuman Development Program, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Rasool BuxInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7373-8554
Imran Ahmed ChauhadryDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Jai K DasInstitute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-7162

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is a growing concern in Pakistan, particularly among children and adolescents. This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of DBM in a rural district of Tando Muhammad Khan (TMK) in Pakistan. A representative cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural district of TMK using multistage cluster sampling. A total of 1,304 households were surveyed, and one eligible adolescent per household was selected. Anthropometric measurements were taken to assess nutritional status based on WHO criteria. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression with survey design adjustments, and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Among 1,159 adolescents, the prevalence of underweight was 18.3% (95% CI: 15.0-20.0) and 4.2% were overweight/obese (95% CI: 3.0-5.0). The associated factors for underweight included working (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.01-2.50), no soap available/handwash supplies (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.99-2.20), inadequate sleep (AOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.34-2.59), and mild to moderate depression (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.04-3.00). The protective factors were being female (AOR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.40-0.80) and always eating between meals (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.30-1.001). For overweight/obesity, snacking between meals was a risk factor (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 0.99-4.20), while larger family size was protective (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.24-0.80). Addressing DBM requires integrated strategies that improve hygiene, support mental health, and promote healthy eating. Gender-sensitive education and access to clean water, sanitation, and diverse diets are essential for better adolescent health outcomes.

Identifiers

PMID42234712
PMCPMC13232956

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.