Observational studyDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026
Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects Across Nine Glucose-Lowering Drug Classes in Type 2 Diabetes: Extension of the LEGEND-T2DM Network Study.
Observational study in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Patient-Level Multidimensional Response Phenotypes in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Month Real-World Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsUnderstanding heterogeneous responses to glucose-lowering therapies is crucial for advancing personalized treatment and optimizing outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While average treatment effects are established for many drug classes, responses may vary by clinical and demographic factors. Here, we evaluated whether major glucose-lowering drug classes exhibit heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) across key patient characteristics. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis large-scale observational cohort study was replicated in six data-sources across the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics network. New-user, active-comparator cohorts were constructed for patients with T2DM initiating one of the nine antihyperglycemic drug classes. Large-scale propensity score adjustment, empirical calibration using negative controls, and random-effects meta-analysis were used to estimate calibrated hazard ratios (HRs). HTE was assessed by comparing differences in log HRs across clinical and demographic subgroups.
resultsNominal signals of HTE were observed in the hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and sex subgroups: Biguanides (vs. DPP-4 inhibitors) were associated with lower risk of acute myocardial infarction in hyperlipidemia and heart failure hospitalization in obesity. SGLT-2 inhibitors (vs. GLP-1 receptor agonists) were associated with reduced stroke risk only in non-obese patients. Sex-specific patterns included higher risk of diarrhoea with GLP-1 receptor agonists and lower risk of stroke with SGLT-2 inhibitors (both vs. DPP-4 inhibitors) in women. None of the signals demonstrated statistical significance after multiple testing correction. Several subgroups (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis and retinopathy) did not meet diagnostic criteria for clinical reliability and were not evaluated.
conclusionsThis hypothesis-generating study identified limited signals of HTE. These findings are exploratory and require cautious interpretation and validation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.