ArticleBMC psychology2026
The influence of interpersonal competence on smartphone addiction: the moderating role of football participation.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundSmartphone addiction poses a significant threat to adolescent mental health. According to the Compensatory Internet Use Theory and the Stress Buffering Hypothesis, this study investigated whether sports participation moderates the relationship between interpersonal competence and smartphone addiction, and whether this effect differs between football and individual sports.
methodsA total of 2,435 primary and secondary school students in China participated in this survey. Data were collected using the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire, the Athlete Participation Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Correlation and moderation analyses were conducted using SPSS 27.0 and PROCESS 4.2 (Model 1 and 3).
resultsInterpersonal competence was significantly negatively correlated with smartphone addiction (r = -0.192, p < 0.001). While no significant overall moderating effect of sports participation was observed (b = -0.027, p = 0.152), a three-way interaction analysis showed that a significant moderating effect of sports participation level emerged specifically among students participating in football (b = -0.059, p = 0.007). This moderating effect was not significant for participation in individual sports (b = 0.065, p = 0.118).
conclusionInterpersonal competence negatively predicts smartphone addiction, and football participation uniquely moderates this relationship, with the moderating effect strengthening as participation levels increases. These findings suggest that interventions should prioritize socially interactive team sports, such as football, to address adolescents' social deficits and reduce addiction risks.
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