Neuroprotective mechanisms of nutraceutical berberine: Preclinical evidence and future perspectives.

Despite currently available drugs for neurological disorders, the incidence of these diseases continues to rise with attendant morbidity, mortality and economic losses. The available treatments oftentimes focus more on either slowing down disease progression or ameliorating symptoms. According to the World Health Organization, some of these disorders, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's diseases are among the leading causes of death globally. Identification of new compounds with neuroprotective properties is a fascinating line of research. Berberine, a plant-derived bioactive compound, of the alkaloid family, has been studied extensively for its neuroprotective properties in a wide range of models of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, autism spectrum disorders, traumatic brain injuries and amyloid lateral sclerosis. Studies have shown that the neuroprotective property of berberine is linked to its ability to modulate several critical biochemical pathways and to regulate the concentrations and activities of important biomarkers that are both diagnostic and therapeutic targets for neurological disorders. This chapter provides insight into the biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics and neuroprotective mechanisms of berberine. Furthermore, ways to improve the utilization of berberine for its neuroprotective potentials such as combining it with other compounds or nanoparticle delivery are highlighted.