ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Bridging B-cell autoimmunity and oncology: the PD-1/PD-L1 paradox in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains one of the most challenging autoimmune diseases due to its complex pathogenesis involving the breakdown of B cell tolerance. While the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is traditionally viewed as a universal inhibitory checkpoint, its role in SLE is uniquely nuanced. In this review, we synthesize recent findings to clarify the "PD-1 Paradox"-the observation that high PD-1 expression on pathogenic T follicular helper (Tfh) and T peripheral helper (Tph) cells in SLE patients correlates with chronic activation and extrafollicular expansion rather than functional exhaustion. We also summarize emerging precision immunotherapy strategies, including PD-1 agonists, bispecific inhibitors (targeting ICOSL/BAFF), and engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These interventions aim to move beyond traditional immunosuppression toward a precision "reset" of the autoimmune system.
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