[Performance-related substance use in everyday life and work].

The use of potential performance-enhancing substances in everyday and working life is often linked to an increased workload, time pressure and limited opportunities for rest. This narrative review summarises recent studies on contexts of use, motives, substance groups, prevalence rates, and benefits and risks.The studies show that the use of performance-enhancing substances is primarily intended to support short-term performance demands. It occurs in particular in cases of fatigue, high cognitive demands, stress, emotional strain and physical complaints at work, including in connection with presenteeism. The substances used include stimulants, mood- or sleep-regulating agents, painkillers and dietary supplements. With the exception of the latter, these substances are often prescription-only; some stimulants are illegal. Prevalence figures vary widely due to differing study methods, settings and definitions of performance-enhancing substances. Generally accepted substances are used more frequently.The benefits of these substances are generally described as limited and context dependent. Key risks include the development of tolerance, dependence, residual effects and impairments affecting safety. Short-term benefits are often offset by long-term health and functional costs. In the context of public health and occupational medicine, performance-related substance use may indicate structural stressors. Prevention, care and work design should aim to ensure long-term functional capacity.