ArticleMolecular biology reports2026
APC Promoter 1 A hypermethylation correlates with High-Risk Human Papillomavirus infection in invasive breast cancer.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe tumor suppressor gene APC plays a critical role in regulating β-catenin degradation and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Promoter 1 A hypermethylation of APC has been reported as a frequent epigenetic alteration in several malignancies, including breast cancer. Although high-risk Human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection has been increasingly detected in breast cancer, its potential association with epigenetic alterations remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between APC promoter 1 A hypermethylation, HR-HPV infection, and clinicopathological characteristics in breast cancer.
methodsA total of 144 fresh breast tissue samples were analyzed, including 96 breast cancer cases and 48 control tissues. APC promoter 1 A methylation status was determined using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). HPV detection and genotyping were performed by nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Associations between methylation status, HPV infection, and clinicopathological parameters were assessed using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate, and logistic regression analysis.
resultsHPV DNA was detected in 54.2% of breast tumors compared to 4.2% of controls (p < 0.001). APC promoter 1 A hypermethylation was observed in 58.3% of tumors versus 8.3% of controls (p < 0.001). APC methylation was significantly associated with histological grade (p = 0.009) with a higher prevalence observed in grade I-II tumors (69.0%) compared to grade III tumors (42.1%). And with advanced tumor stage (p = 0.039). Among HPV-positive tumors, 73.1% exhibited APC methylation, including 79.4% of HPV16-positive and 83.3% of HPV45-positive cases (OR = 20.56; p = 0.009).
conclusionThese findings demonstrate a significant association between HR-HPV infection and APC promoter 1 A hypermethylation in invasive breast cancer. This study provides novel molecular evidence from a North African population and highlighting a potential relationship between viral DNA detection and epigenetic alterations in breast tumors. However, further functional studies are required to clarify the biological significance and underlying mechanisms of this association.
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