ArticleVeterinary research communications2026
In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-regulating effects of retinaldehyde.
Article in Veterinary research communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance complicates the treatment for skin/ear infections caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP), Staphylococcus coagulans (SC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), and Malassezia pachydermatis (MP). This highlights the need for novel therapeutic options and improved antimicrobial stewardship. Retinoids are known for their anti-inflammatory and kerato-regulatory effects. Retinaldehyde has been suggested to possess also antimicrobial activity.
objectiveTo evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and apoptosis-regulating effects of retinaldehyde.
methodsSix two-fold dilution of retinaldehyde were tested against clinical isolates of SP (n = 30), SC (n = 30), PA (n = 10), and MP (n = 30) using microbroth dilution. Both the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal/fungicidal (MBC/MFC) concentrations were determined. Immortalized canine keratinocytes were treated with retinaldehyde (5, 50 and 500 µg/mL) with or without tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) for 24 h. Then interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, malondialdehyde, and caspase-3 activity were quantified by ELISA.
resultsRetinaldehyde exhibited antimicrobial activity with median MIC/MBC values of 8 µg/mL for SP and SC, and 32 µg/mL for MP. For PA, retinaldehyde had inhibitory and bactericidal properties at 64 µg/mL for only 2/10 isolates. Retinaldehyde significantly reduced TNFα-induced IL-8 secretion (p < 0.0001) without affecting MDA levels. Levels of IL-1β were undetectable. Retinaldehyde modulated apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In TNFα-stimulated cells, 50 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL reduced caspase-3 activity, whereas 5 µg/mL increased apoptosis in unstimulated cells.
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that retinaldehyde possesses antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects in vitro, supporting its potential as a topical adjunct therapy for canine dermatological infections, particularly at 500 µg/mL. Further stability studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm these results.
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