ArticleBMC biotechnology2026
Enhanced anti Pseudomonas aeruginosa efficacy of niosomal-encapsulated Frondoside A from sea cucumber: a novel biotechnological approach.
Article in BMC biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundPseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) forms persistent biofilms that limit antibiotic efficacy. Frondoside A, a triterpenoid glycoside from sea cucumbers, possesses antimicrobial potential but suffers from poor solubility and stability. This study aimed to enhance its antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities via niosomal encapsulation and to assess its effect on biofilm-related gene expression.
methodsNiosomal Frondoside A was synthesized by thin-film hydration and characterized for size, charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Antibacterial activity was determined using agar diffusion and MIC/MBC assays, while biofilm inhibition was quantified by crystal violet assay. Expression of GacS and PslA was analyzed by qRT-PCR with 16 S rRNA as an internal control.
resultsThe optimized niosomes had a zeta potential of - 8.6 mV, and 78 ± 0.408% encapsulation efficiency. Compared to the free drug, the niosomal formulation reduced MIC/MBC values from 6.25/12.5 mg mL⁻¹ to 1.56/3.125 mg mL⁻¹, enlarged inhibition zones by 45-60%, and decreased biofilm biomass by 68-79% (p < 0.001). Furthermore, qRT-PCR showed significant downregulation of GacS and PslA genes.
conclusionsNiosomal encapsulation markedly improves the antimicrobial and gene-suppressive efficacy of Frondoside A, offering a potent nanocarrier approach against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa biofilms.
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