ArticleScientific reports2026
Immunoinformatics-based design of artificial chimeric proteins as universal vaccine candidates against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, O, and SAT2.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains a major constraint to livestock health due to its high mutation rate and serotype diversity. Currently, FMDV vaccines, primarily inactivated whole-virus formulations, have significant limitations, including limited cross-protection, high production costs, and potential biosafety risks. To address the need for broad-spectrum protection, this study aimed to design a universal vaccine candidate by rationally constructing artificial chimeric proteins (ACPs) integrating conserved structural (VP1-VP3) and non-structural (3 A, 3 C) proteins from the predominant Egyptian FMDV serotypes A, O, and SAT 2. Three-dimensional modeling via AlphaFold3 and Swiss-Model confirmed the high structural quality of the constructs, with the ACP2 candidate exhibiting superior stability and reliability metrics (TM-score > 0.95, RMSD < 0.5, and overall quality > 88). Functional annotation revealed three conserved domains critical for virion assembly, receptor interaction, and host immune activation. Immunoinformatics analysis identified a robust antigenic profile for ACP1 and ACP2 proteins, comprising (21 and 36) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), (18 and 20) helper T-lymphocyte (THL), and (15 and 19) B-cell epitopes prioritized for conservancy and population coverage. Based on these epitopes, three multiepitope vaccine constructs were assembled and analyzed computationally. Molecular docking demonstrated strong and stable binding affinities between the vaccine constructs and bovine TLR9 and TLR4 receptors (lowest binding energies of - 19.4 and - 16.9 kcal/mol, respectively), supported by stable interactions in 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations. These findings highlight the ACP2 construct as a novel, structurally stable, and highly immunogenic candidate capable of eliciting cross-serotype protection. The study provides a translational blueprint for a universal recombinant FMDV vaccine, warranting immediate in vitro expression and in vivo validation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.