ReviewSpinal cord2026
Glia cell-derived extracellular vesicles as modulators in spinal cord injury repair.
Review in Spinal cord, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic strategies for spinal tumors and associated nerve damage: advances, challenges, and future directions.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
designNarrative review.
objectivesThe aim of this review was to summarize and critically evaluate current evidence on glial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as therapeutic mediators in spinal cord injury (SCI), with a focus on their cell-specific functions and phase-dependent effects.
methodsWe narratively synthesized preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies investigating EVs derived from astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells in the context of spinal cord injury and related central nervous system pathologies.
resultsGlial cell-derived EVs exhibit diverse and cell-type-specific effects following SCI. Astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) contain neuroprotective proteins and microRNAs that regulate inflammation and support neural repair. Microglia-derived EVs (MGEVs) display dual roles, with pro-inflammatory EVs exacerbating secondary injury, while anti-inflammatory EVs promote recovery. Oligodendrocyte-derived EVs (ODEVs) contribute to metabolic support and remyelination but may also carry inhibitory molecules that limit axonal regeneration. Schwann cell-derived EVs (SCEVs) reduce scar formation and enhance axonal growth, in some models outperforming Schwann cell transplantation. Olfactory ensheathing cell-derived EVs (OECEVs) promote axonal regeneration, likely through modulation of the extracellular environment and enhanced debris clearance. Across injury phases, glial EVs may protect the blood-brain barrier in the acute stage, modulate inflammation and angiogenesis in the subacute stage, and support axonal regrowth, remyelination, and synaptic remodeling in the chronic stage.
conclusionsGlial cell-derived extracellular vesicles represent a promising, cell-free therapeutic strategy for SCI. While preclinical evidence highlights substantial regenerative and immunomodulatory potential, challenges remain regarding EV isolation, targeting, and delivery. Addressing these limitations will be essential for advancing clinical translation.
Indexed as
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.