ArticleNature human behaviour2026
Genome-wide meta-analysis of quantitatively measured generalized anxiety symptoms in individuals of European ancestry.
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Article in Nature human behaviour, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
58 authors.
Megan Skelton *Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7619-349X
Brittany L Mitchell *Brain and Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9050-1516
Elham AssarySocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9788-0478
Danyang LiSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Genevieve Morneau-VaillancourtResearch Centre of the Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5322-6252
Alan E MurphyUK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2487-8753
Abigail R Ter KuileDepartment of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7869-3754
Rujia WangSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Mark J AdamsDivision of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-6018
Enda M ByrneThe University of Queensland, Child Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9491-7797
Elizabeth C CorfieldPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-157X
Poppy Z GrimesDivision of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-2382
Laurie J HanniganPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3123-5411
Jihua HuBrain and Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Kadri KõivEstonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-2014
Alex S F KwongDivision of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1953-2771
Sergi PapiolDepartment Clinical Translation, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Johanne H PettersenPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-4546-9037
Giorgio PistisDepartment of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-4608
Enrique CastelaoDepartment of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland.
Nora I StromDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5261-8852
Peter J van der MostDepartment of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-3518
Anxiety Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
GLAD+ authors
Lifelines Cohort Study
NIHR BioResource
PROTECT-AD Consortium
Ole A AndreassenCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Angelika Erhardt-LehmannDepartment Clinical Translation, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Alexandra HavdahlPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9268-0423
Nathan SkeneUK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.
Brad VerhulstDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5369-9757
Heike WeberDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9421-1292
Chérie ArmourStress, Trauma and Related Conditions Research Centre (STARC), School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
Helga AskPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-5319
William E CopelandDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-7781
Udo DannlowskiInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0623-3759
Jürgen DeckertDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1008-4650
Katharina DomschkeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-9132
Ian B HickieBrain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-9895
Kelli LehtoEstonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Tina B LonsdorfExperimental Medicine, Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1501-4846
Ulrike LuekenDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1564-4012
Michelle K LuptonBrain and Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7274-7299
Sarah E MedlandBrain and Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-380X
Andrew M McIntoshDivision of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-4588
Albertine J OldehinkelDepartment of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-3913
Martin PreisigDepartment of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-4259
Andreas ReifDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0992-634X
Harold SniederDepartment of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1949-2298
James T R WaltersNational Centre for Mental Health and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6980-4053
Naomi R WrayInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7421-3357
Catharina A HartmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-8859
Nicholas G MartinBrain and Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
John M HettemaDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0105-9034
Gerome BreenSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-1792
Jonathan R I ColemanSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6759-0944
Thalia C EleySocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. thalia.eley@kcl.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6458-0700
Funding
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/V012878/1
Abstract
Anxiety is heritable and exists on a continuum, with symptoms ranging from adaptive threat response to clinical disorder. Here we performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis of generalized anxiety symptom severity in 693,869 individuals of European ancestry from 14 cohorts. We identified 80 independent genome-wide significant variants within 74 loci, 39 of which were newly associated with anxiety. SNP-based heritability was 5.9% (posterior s.d. = 0.15%). Polygenic scores were significantly associated with anxiety symptom severity and disorder in European, African and South Asian ancestry samples (R
Identifiers
PMID
42265330What Socratic holds
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