Trial reportPatient preference and adherence2026
Efficacy of Nurse-Led WIKAP Intervention on Hypoglycemia Coping Confidence and Outcomes in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Zhijiang, China.
Trial report in Patient preference and adherence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Hypoglycemia is a frequent and burdensome complication in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Despite its high prevalence, structured interventions targeting hypoglycemia coping confidence remain scarce, especially in China. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the nurse's web-based Information-Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (WIKAP) model in improving coping confidence, reducing hypoglycemia events, and enhancing caregiver satisfaction. Methods: This quasi-experimental, non-randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Endocrinology Department of a tertiary hospital in Zhijiang, China. A total of 110 adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) were assigned to either the WIKAP intervention group (n = 55) or routine care control group (n = 55) based on sequential enrollment period. The 8-week WIKAP intervention combined web-based and offline approaches targeting knowledge, attitude, and practice. Primary outcomes included hypoglycemia coping confidence measured by the Hypoglycemia Avoidance Behavior Scale (HABS; anxiety, avoidance, and confidence subscales), HbA1c levels, hypoglycemia incidence, and primary caregiver satisfaction. Descriptive statistics summarized baseline characteristics. Mixed-design ANOVA and MANOVA were used to analyze continuous outcomes over time, while chi-square tests compared categorical variables. Analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0 and R software. Results: Doubly multivariate MANOVA revealed a significant Group × Time interaction (Pillai's Trace = 0.855, Conclusion: The WIKAP model effectively improved hypoglycemia coping confidence, reduced hypoglycemia incidence, and enhanced caregiver satisfaction in adolescents with T1DM, without significant effect on HbAlc. These results support its integration into clinical diabetes care, with future multi-center studies needed to confirm long-term benefits. Trial Registration: ChiCTR2500104670 (registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry).
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