ReviewNutrition research and practice2026
Artificial sweeteners and risk of cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in Nutrition research and practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundArtificial sweeteners are widely used as sugar substitutes to reduce sugar intake and mitigate health risks. However, their potential long-term health effects remain uncertain as existing studies have reported inconsistent findings.
objectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the association between artificial sweetener intake and the risk of cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality.
methodsStudies were identified through comprehensive searches of PubMed and Embase up to October 8, 2025. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the highest and lowest artificial sweetener consumption categories were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I
resultsIn total, 3,625,613 participants from 37 studies were included. Higher artificial sweetener intake was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.14-1.40), hypertension (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.09-1.18), heart failure (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.14-1.39), stroke (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05-1.19), coronary artery disease (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.00-1.23), cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.35), and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.17). The association with atrial fibrillation was not significant (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.94-1.37). Significant heterogeneity was observed for all endpoints except for stroke and heart failure.
conclusionsThis meta-analysis demonstrates that a higher intake of artificial sweeteners is associated with an increased risk of several cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality. These findings underscore the need for cautious consumption and further research into their cardiometabolic effects. Trial Registration: International Prospective Registration of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) Identifier: CRD420251020488.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.