Association Between Insulin Regimen and Cardiovascular Risk in Indonesian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite the widespread use of insulin therapy, evidence on how different insulin regimens influence cardiovascular risk stratification remains limited and inconsistent, particularly in Asian populations, including Indonesia. Purpose: To evaluate the association between insulin regimens and cardiovascular risk, as assessed by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), among patients with T2DM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 118 patients with T2DM receiving insulin therapy, including basal insulin therapy and combined basal-prandial insulin therapy. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using the FRS and categorized as low, moderate, or high. Differences between groups were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The association between insulin regimen and cardiovascular risk was evaluated using ordinal logistic regression. Results: Most patients in both treatment groups were classified as having high cardiovascular risk according to the FRS. After adjustment for potential confounders, the insulin regimen was not significantly associated with cardiovascular risk (OR = 2.14; 95% CI: 0.81-5.65; p = 0.124). In contrast, the duration of T2DM was significantly associated with cardiovascular risk (OR = 3.63; 95% CI: 1.30-10.15; p = 0.014). Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk among patients with T2DM receiving insulin therapy was predominantly moderate to high. The insulin regimen was not significantly associated with cardiovascular risk, whereas the duration of T2DM played a more prominent role in cardiovascular risk stratification.