Extracellular vesicles and their cargo molecules for peripheral nerve injuries and neuropathies: The composition, properties, and impact.

Anam Anjum, Abel Lindley, Meaghan Harley-Troxell, Xiaofeng Jia

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Molecular aspects of medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Anam AnjumDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.

Abel LindleyDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.

Meaghan Harley-TroxellDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.

Xiaofeng JiaDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. Electronic address: xjia@som.umaryland.edu.

Funding

Stem Cell Surface Modification to Promote Nerve RegenerationR01NS117102 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI Xiaofeng Jia · 2021 to 2026

$2.0M

Improving Brain Recovery Through GlycoengineeringR01NS125232 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI Xiaofeng Jia · 2022 to 2026

$2.0M

NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS117102NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS125232

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Peripheral nerve repair remains a major clinical challenge due to limited functional recovery and the lack of effective therapeutic options. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential mediators of nerve regeneration due to their roles in cell-to-cell communication and the delivery of diverse bioactive molecules. The regenerative potential of EVs largely depends on the type of cell they originate from, which determines their molecular cargo and therapeutic potential. This review provides a comprehensive and focused analysis on the source-specific composition of EVs, and how different EVs distinctly influence neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and neuroregenerative properties with direct relevance to peripheral nerve injury (PNI). We also highlight current evidence on how EVs modulate nerve repair pathways and discuss the implications of their source-specific content in optimizing EV-based therapies alongside recent technological advances for PNI. By highlighting key differences in regenerative-associated signaling, this review provides insight into optimizing EV-based therapies for PNI and outlines prospects for clinical application.

Indexed as

Extracellular VesiclesPeripheral Nerve InjuriesPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesAnimalsCell CommunicationExosomesHumansNerve RegenerationSignal TransductionExosomesExtracellular vesicles (EV)NanocarriersNerve regenerationPeripheral nerve injury (PNI)Peripheral neuropathiesSignaling pathwaysStem cells

Identifiers

PMID42269393

DOI10.1016/j.mam.2026.101485

PMCPMC13576389

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.