ReviewCells2026
Harnessing M1-Polarized Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Artificial Nanovesicles for Targeted Cancer Drug Delivery.
Review in Cells, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomimetic platforms for targeted cancer drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, immune-modulatory properties, and tumor-homing capabilities. Among macrophage subtypes, M1-polarized macrophages exhibit potent anti-tumor functions characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, improved antigen presentation, and the ability to remodel the tumor microenvironment (TME). Utilizing these properties, M1-polarized macrophage-derived EVs serve as cell-free therapeutic systems capable of delivering bioactive cargo while simultaneously promoting anti-tumor immune responses. However, the clinical application of natural EVs is limited by low yield, heterogeneity, and challenges in large-scale production. Artificial nanovesicles (ANVs) have been developed to address these limitations, offering improved scalability, compositional control, and reproducibility. This review provides an overview of macrophage differentiation and polarization, with a focus on the immunological profile and anti-tumor mechanisms of M1-polarized macrophages. It further discusses current methodologies for EV isolation and ANV generation, along with cargo loading strategies that balance encapsulation efficiency and vesicle stability. In addition, this review also emphasizes their targeting approaches, cellular uptake pathways, and the intracellular trafficking mechanisms that influence delivery efficiency and therapeutic outcomes. Key challenges, including standardization, biological barriers, and functional consistency, are critically evaluated. Emerging strategies that integrate vesicle engineering with personalized medicine underscore the potential of these systems to advance precision oncology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.