ArticleNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Cryogenic Electron Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles from Temozolomide-Treated Glioblastoma Cells Reveals Great Morphological Heterogeneity.
Article in Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Extracellular Vesicle Phenotypic Trajectories During Alcohol Withdrawal Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting considerable interest due to their important role in cell signaling. However, their nanosized scale, complexity, and heterogeneity make even morphological characterization challenging. Only with the recent advances in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), together with the increasing availability of cryo-electron microscopes, has it become possible to visualize the native structure of EVs. In this study we performed an in-depth cryo-EM analysis of EVs derived from four glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines (U87MG, U373MG, U251MG, and T98G), highlighting the morphological changes induced by temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapeutic treatment. Size, shape, circularity, concentricity, membrane thickness, and electron density of EVs were analyzed. The key characteristic revealed by cryo-EM was that EVs can be enclosed not only by one membrane bilayer, but also by two or more bilayers (double-layered vesicles, DVs; and multilayered vesicles, MVs). Overall, TMZ treatment substantially modified both the morphology and production of EVs, decreasing the percentage of single-layered vesicles (SVs) while increasing that of DVs and MVs, as well as reducing the electron density of the EV cargo. Morphometric and morphological information can shed light on the contribution of EVs to tumor progression, metabolism, drug resistance, and immune evasion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.