Evidence mapPaperPMID 42277362Full record

SynthesisCurrent diabetes reports2026

Efficacy and safety of once-weekly basal insulin analogs versus daily basal insulin analogs in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Dimitrios Raptis, Sotirios Chiotis, Theodoros Papamichalis, Eleni Bekiari, Apostolos Tsapas, Thomas Karagiannis

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Current diabetes reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Dimitrios RaptisAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, NYC Health & Hospitals, Jacobi/North Central Bronx, Bronx, NY, USA. ddraptis@outlook.com.ORCID 0000-0002-2348-7312
Sotirios ChiotisThird Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-8071-9434
Theodoros PapamichalisGastroenterology Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, Athens, Greece.ORCID 0009-0001-6552-6738
Eleni BekiariClinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-9975-3835
Apostolos TsapasClinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.ORCID 0000-0003-0221-4072
Thomas KaragiannisClinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-5242-0574

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose of reviewRecently developed once-weekly basal insulin analogs, including insulin icodec and insulin efsitora alpha (efsitora), aim to improve treatment adherence and patient convenience compared with daily basal insulin. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of once-weekly basal insulin analogs compared with daily basal insulin analogs in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and included 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 8,487 subjects. RECENT

findingsEvidence supports that once-weekly basal insulin analogs achieve comparable glycemic control to daily basal insulin analogs in adults with T2DM, offering greater reductions in HbA1c and improvements in time in range, with a safety profile similar to that of daily insulin regimens. In our analysis, once-weekly basal insulin resulted in a greater reduction in HbA1c compared with daily basal insulin (mean difference [MD] -0.09%, 95% CI -0.15 to -0.03), greater improvements in time in range (TIR) (MD 1.86%, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.98) and higher odds of attaining an HbA1c < 7.0% (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.63, I2 64.9%). Rates of level 2 or 3 hypoglycemia did not differ significantly. Once-weekly basal insulin provides glycemic control comparable to daily basal insulin, with modest improvements in glycemic outcomes and similar hypoglycemia risk. Its primary advantage lies in treatment simplification and reduced injection burden, supporting its role as a convenient alternative to daily basal insulin in adults with T2DM.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Hypoglycemic AgentsInsulinAdultBlood GlucoseDrug Administration ScheduleGlycated HemoglobinHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTreatment OutcomeBlood GlucoseGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinInsulin efsitoraInsulin icodecOnce-weekly insulinType 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID42277362
PMCPMC13260229

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.