ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2026
Behavioral Convergence with Physiological Divergence: Sex Differences in Hormones but Not Social Behavior in Beagle Dogs.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
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Abstract
The "experimenter gender effect" is a pervasive confound in rodent behavioral neuroscience: the sex of the human handler alters stress, social, and pharmacological responses via olfactory cues and conserved neural circuits. Whether this effect extends to dog-a species co-domesticated with humans for over 15,000 years-has never been systematically tested. Here, we examined sex-biased social preferences in Beagle dogs during both intra- and cross-species interactions, and asked whether baseline neuroendocrine states predict such preferences. Thirty-four adult Beagles (17 males, 17 females) from a standardized laboratory colony underwent social interaction tests with same and opposite-sex conspecifics and with male and female experimenters. Baseline plasma corticosterone, serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine were measured by ELISA. Results indicated that Beagles did not exhibit significant sex-based preferences for either gender of conspecifics or human experimenters in either dog-dog or human-dog social interaction tests (all
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