Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42278477›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026

Box-Behnken Design Optimization of High-Pressure Processed Bitter Melon (

Kongsakon Kulchim, Sukan Braspaiboon, Pornsiri Pitchakarn, Arisa Imsumran, Pensiri Buacheen, Tanongsak Laowanitwattana, Piya Temviriyanukul, Kongthawat Chairatvit, Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Kongsakon KulchimGraduate/Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.ORCID 0009-0004-0942-9505
Sukan BraspaiboonFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-8205-1295
Pornsiri PitchakarnDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-6219-386X
Arisa ImsumranDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-2787-2461
Pensiri BuacheenDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0001-6764-0801
Tanongsak LaowanitwattanaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.ORCID 0009-0003-8087-8269
Piya TemviriyanukulInstitute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-7590-7024
Kongthawat ChairatvitDepartment of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
Ariyaphong WongnoppavichDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-9238-0447

Funding

Faculty of Medicine Research Fund 009-2569National Research Council of Thailand N41A661173
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bitter Melon Leaf Extract (BMLE) possesses potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties; however, conventional extraction methods restrict phytochemical yield and bioactivity. Here, we optimized extraction using High-Pressure Processing (HPP) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimized extract (O-BMLE) demonstrated significantly higher total flavonoid content (27.7 vs. 8.7 mg RE/g) and FRAP antioxidant capacity (96.5 vs. 71.2 μmol TE/g) compared to conventional BMLE. Additionally, O-BMLE exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity (A549 IC

Indexed as

Anti-Inflammatory AgentsAntineoplastic AgentsMomordica charantiaPhytochemicalsPlant ExtractsPlant LeavesAnimalsAntioxidantsCell Line, TumorHumansMacrophagesMiceNF-kappa BRAW 264.7 CellsAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAntineoplastic AgentsAntioxidantsNF-kappa BPhytochemicalsPlant Extractsanticanceranti-inflammationhigh-pressure processingJNK signalingMomordica charantianon-thermal extractionphytometabolomicsresponse surface methodology

Identifiers

PMID42278477
PMCPMC13256669

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.