ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
β-Hydroxybutyrate Inhibits Angiogenesis, Suppresses Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Growth, and Enhances Gemcitabine Antitumor Activity.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), the primary circulating ketone body, has shown antitumor activity in other cancers, but its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not well defined. This study investigated the anticancer and anti-angiogenic effects of BHB alone and in combination with Gemcitabine using in vitro and in vivo approaches. In A549 (adenocarcinoma) and LNM35 (large-cell carcinoma) NSCLC cells, BHB significantly reduced cell number and colony growth in a concentration-dependent manner, with LNM35 cells exhibiting greater sensitivity. Migration of both A549 and LNM35 cells was also markedly inhibited. In endothelial Telo-HAEC cells, BHB exhibited no cytotoxicity but significantly inhibited migration, tube formation, and VEGF-induced spheroid sprouting, indicating anti-angiogenic activity. Combination studies showed that BHB enhanced Gemcitabine-mediated suppression of NSCLC cell number and colony growth, consistent with an additive to synergistic effect. In the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model, BHB and Gemcitabine reduced tumor growth individually, while their combination further decreased tumor weight, particularly in LNM35 xenografts, without observable toxicity. These findings provide preclinical evidence that BHB enhances Gemcitabine antitumor activity against NSCLC and reveals its in vitro anti-angiogenic effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.