HS-SPME-GC-MS Coupled with Chemometrics for Detecting HFCS and Invert Sugar Adulteration in Coriander Honey.

This study presents a novel analytical approach combining headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and advanced chemometric techniques to detect adulteration in coriander honey. A total of 34 volatile compounds were identified and quantified, revealing a progressive decrease in both profile complexity and compound abundance with increasing levels of invert sugar and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) adulteration. Chromatographic and chemometric analyses effectively distinguished authentic from adulterated samples, with the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model achieving a high classification performance of 95.83% accuracy. The study highlights the critical impact of adulteration on honey's chemical composition and confirms the efficacy of integrating modern analytical and machine learning tools for rapid, sensitive, and reliable honey authenticity assessment. This methodology offers a valuable framework for food quality control and fraud prevention, addressing current challenges in the honey market and protecting consumer interests.