ArticleResearch square2026
Effect sizes in human functional neuroimaging.
Stephanie Noble, Hallee Shearer, Matt Rosenblatt, Jean Ye, Rongtao Jiang, Link Tejavibulya, Maya Foster, Qinghao Liang, Javid Dadashkarimi, Margaret Westwater and 12 more
Abstract readPreprint
In one paragraphArticle in Research square, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
2 · The registryThe trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
3 · Its place in the literatureWho cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
4 · The recordCorrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
5 · Who and what moneyAuthors and funding
22 authors.
Hallee ShearerDepartment of Psychology, Northeastern University.
Matt RosenblattCenter for Precision Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital.ORCID 0000-0002-3894-6198 Jean YeInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University.
Rongtao JiangState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Link TejavibulyaInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University.
Maya FosterDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University.
Qinghao LiangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University.
Javid DadashkarimiPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.
Margaret WestwaterDepartment of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University.
Iris ChengState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.ORCID 0009-0009-7723-1038 Hannah PetersonDepartment of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University.
Alexandra FischbachDepartment of Psychology, Northeastern University.
Fabricio CravoDepartment of Bioengineering, Northeastern University.
Thomas NicholsBig Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery,Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford.ORCID 0000-0002-4516-5103 Joshua CurtissDepartment of Psychology, Northeastern University.
Funding
ABCD-USA Consortium: Coordinating CenterU24DA041147 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI SANDRA A BROWN, TERRY L. JERNIGAN · 2015 to 2026
$52.0MABCD-USA Consortium: Data Analysis, Informatics and Resource CenterU24DA041123 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI ANDERS M DALE · 2015 to 2026
$51.5MMapping the Human Connectome: Structure, Function, and HeritabilityU54MH091657 · NIMH · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI UGURBIL, KAMIL, VAN ESSEN, DAVID C · 2010 to 2014
$34.7MAdolescent Substance Use Initiation: Disentangling neurocognitive risks from consequences using longitudinal and genetically-informed methodsU01DA041120 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Monica Luciana, Sylia Wilson · 2015 to 2026
$34.5MABCD-USA Consortium: Research ProjectU01DA041089 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Joanna Jacobus, Susan F. Tapert · 2015 to 2026
$31.7MProspective Research Studies of Maturation (PRISM)- Research ProjectU01DA041134 · NIDA · UTAH STATE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM--UNIVERSITY OF UTAH · PI ERIN MCGLADE, PERRY FRANKLIN RENSHAW · 2015 to 2026
$29.2MABCD-USA CONSORTIUM: RESEARCH PROJECTU01DA041048 · NIDA · CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF LOS ANGELES · PI Megan Marie Herting, ELIZABETH R SOWELL · 2015 to 2026
$28.7MABCD-USA Consortium: Research ProjectU01DA041106 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Mary M Heitzeg, Chandra Sekhar Sripada · 2015 to 2026
$24.9MFIU-ABCD: Pathways and Mechanisms to Addiction in the Latino Youth of South FloridaU01DA041156 · NIDA · FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY · PI Raul Gonzalez, Angela R Laird · 2015 to 2026
$22.8MABCD-USA Consortium: Research ProjectU01DA041148 · NIDA · OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY · PI Damien A Fair, Rebekah S Huber · 2015 to 2026
$22.3MABCD-USA: NYC Research ProjectU01DA041174 · NIDA · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI Arielle Ryan Baskin-Sommers, Betty J Casey · 2015 to 2026
$19.7MAdolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Prospective Research in Studies of Maturation (PRISM) ConsortiumU01DA041117 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI LINDA CHANG, THOMAS M ERNST · 2015 to 2026
$19.5MNIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041022NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041025NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041028NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041048NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041089NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041093NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041106NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041117NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041120NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041134NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041148NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041156NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA041174NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA050987NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA050988NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA050989NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051016NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051018NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051037NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051038NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA051039NIDA NIH HHS U24 DA041123NIDA NIH HHS U24 DA041147NIMH NIH HHS K99 MH130894NIMH NIH HHS R00 MH130894NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089924NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089983NIMH NIH HHS U54 MH091657
6 · The paper itselfAbstract
Emerging reports suggest that sample sizes commonly used in functional neuroimaging studies may be too small to detect many brain-behavior relationships, posing a major barrier to brain and mental health research. A central challenge is that planning robust studies requires researchers to know what effect sizes to expect, yet this essential information is surprisingly difficult to estimate in practice and thus often omitted from study planning. Critically, standard "mass univariate" procedures for estimating effects across multiple brain areas give an inflated picture of how large effect sizes are. Here, we introduce a method to correct this inflation bias and perform an unprecedented analysis of 63 studies in seven large datasets (n = 100-40,000; 52,979 total participants) to establish effect size benchmarks in functional neuroimaging. We find that between-subjects effects are exceedingly small at the majority of brain areas (Cohen's ∣
Identifiers
PMID42281980
PMCPMC13252509
What Socratic holds
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LicenceCC BY
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