ReviewDaru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences2026
Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles as programmable bio-organic excipients: a next-generation platform for precision and immuno-silent drug delivery.
Review in Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThere is increasing demand for advanced drug delivery systems that improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Conventional pharmaceutical excipients, though historically considered inert, often exhibit limitations such as immunogenicity, toxicity, poor intracellular delivery, and inadequate functionality for biologics and nucleic acid-based therapies. Recently, plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PDENs) have emerged as promising bio-organic nanomaterials with favourable biocompatibility and delivery potential. This article critically reviews PDENs as programmable bio-organic excipients.
methodsA structured literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published from 2010 to 2026. Reports covering isolation, physicochemical properties, engineering strategies, formulation approaches, biological functions, translational challenges, and regulatory aspects of PDENs were analyzed.
resultsPDENs exhibit favorable properties including nanoscale size, lipid bilayer structure, intrinsic biological activity, low immunogenicity in preclinical studies, and favorablebiocompatibility. They demonstrate efficient drug loading, improved formulation stability, enhanced cellular uptake, and the ability to traverse biological barriers. Their performance can be further optimized through surface engineering, hybrid systems, and stimuli-responsive delivery strategies. In addition, PDENs may act as co-therapeutic agents due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. However, challenges remain in batch consistency, scalable manufacturing, stability, classification, and quality control.
conclusionPDENs represent an evolution from conventional excipients to programmable bio-organic systems integrating drug delivery, targeting, and therapeutic functions. They hold strong promise for precision medicine and nanotherapeutics, but clinical translation requires advances in scalable production, Quality by Design implementation, safety evaluation, and regulatory harmonization.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.