Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42289569›Full record

ArticleEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2026

Prognostic impact of immune-related adverse events in recurrent or metastatic sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Takahiro Hongo, Tomomi Manako, Yusuke Watanuki, Takuya Masunaga, Yusuke Hirano, Hirotaka Hara, Hirofumi Omori, Masanobu Sato, Moriyasu Yamauchi, Satoshi Toh and 2 more

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Article in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Takahiro HongoDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan. orihakat.ognoh@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0395-8946
Tomomi ManakoDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Yusuke WatanukiDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
Takuya MasunagaDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
Yusuke HiranoDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
Hirotaka HaraDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
Hirofumi OmoriDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
Masanobu SatoDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Moriyasu YamauchiDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
Satoshi TohDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
Mioko MatsuoDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Muneyuki MasudaDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeIn sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC), evidence regarding the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and predictive biomarkers remains limited. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been reported as potential indicators of antitumor response and clinical benefit in multiple malignancies; however, their prognostic significance in SNSCC has not been well defined.

methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 37 patients with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) SNSCC who received ICIs at two institutions. Clinical outcomes, including objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS), were assessed. The association between irAE occurrence and OS was evaluated using both landmark analysis and time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models treating irAE occurrence as a time-varying covariate.

resultsAmong the 37 patients, the ORR was 40.5%, with a median OS of 32.1 months and median PFS of 6.6 months. Twenty-one patients (56.8%) experienced a total of 25 irAEs. In the 3-month landmark analysis, patients with irAEs had significantly better OS and PFS (P = 0.0009 and 0.0008, respectively). However, in the time-dependent Cox model, irAE occurrence was not significantly associated with OS (hazard ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.38-2.54, P = 0.9627), likely reflecting the influence of late-onset events and the small cohort size.

conclusionsAlthough irAEs were associated with improved survival in landmark analysis, this association was not confirmed in time-dependent analysis, suggesting a potential influence of immortal time bias. Further prospective studies are warranted.

Indexed as

Carcinoma, Squamous CellImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsNeoplasm Recurrence, LocalParanasal Sinus NeoplasmsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisProgression-Free SurvivalRetrospective StudiesSurvival RateImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsImmune checkpoint inhibitorImmune-related adverse eventLandmark analysisSinonasal squamous cell carcinomaTime-dependent analysis

Identifiers

PMID42289569

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.