Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42291209›Full record

ReviewiScience2026

Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Genetic, neurobiological, and clinical differentiation.

Dirk De Ridder, Tobias Kleinjung, Jae-Jin Song, Divya Adhia, Matt Hall, Anusha Yasoda-Mohan, Sven Vanneste, Alain Londero, Nathan Weisz, Winfred Schlee and 9 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Dirk De RidderSection of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Tobias KleinjungDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Jae-Jin SongDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
Divya AdhiaSection of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Matt HallSection of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Anusha Yasoda-MohanGlobal Brain Health Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Sven VannesteGlobal Brain Health Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Alain LonderoUniversité Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Service ORL, INSERM, Fondation Pour l'Audition, IHU reConnect, Paris, France.
Nathan WeiszCentre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Winfred SchleeInstitute for Information and Process Management, Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Ana Belen ElgoyhenDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Christopher CederrothLaboratory of Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Jose Antonio Lopez-EscamezThe University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Silvano GallusDepartment of Medical Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
Stefan SchoisswohlDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg at Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
William SedleyTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
Grant SearchfieldAudiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Shi Nae ParkDepartment of Otolaryngology-HNS, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Berthold LangguthDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg at Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Tinnitus is the conscious perception of sound in the absence of an external acoustic source. When accompanied by emotional distress, cognitive dysfunction, or autonomic arousal leading to behavioral and functional impairment, it is termed "tinnitus disorder." This perspective synthesizes genetic, epidemiological, and neuroimaging evidence supporting the distinction between tinnitus and tinnitus disorder. Genetic studies indicate that tinnitus is linked to multiple common variants of small effect size, whereas tinnitus disorder involves rarer variants exerting larger effects. Epidemiologically, hearing loss is the primary risk factor for tinnitus, whereas personality traits like neuroticism, mood, and sleep disturbances predict tinnitus disorder. Neuroimaging identifies three interrelated neural pathways: a lateral "loudness" pathway, a descending "inhibitory" pathway, and a medial "distress" pathway that is specifically activated in tinnitus disorder, providing a neural basis for tinnitus related suffering. Future needs include the establishment of standardized diagnostic criteria and a severity grading system of tinnitus disorder.

Indexed as

behavioral neuroscienceclinical neurosciencegeneticspsychiatry

Identifiers

PMID42291209
PMCPMC13255023

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.