ArticleCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2026
State-Guided TMS-EEG for N100 Enhancement Study Based on Whole-Brain EEG Microstates.
Article in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTranscranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) enables the non-invasive assessment of cortical excitability and inhibition. However, the N100 component-a key marker of cortical inhibition-often exhibits poor trial-to-trial stability, limiting its utility as a reliable readout. The aim of this study is to propose a whole-brain, state-guided TMS-EEG protocol for enhancing TMS-evoked N100.
methodsTMS-EEG data were acquired from 19 healthy adults. After standard preprocessing, single trials were sorted into five datasets according to the microstate present at the time of stimulation. For each microstate-specific dataset, global and local mean field amplitudes (GMFA/LMFA) and TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) were computed to compare N100 characteristics across microstates.
resultsTMS delivered during the S4 microstate produced the numerically largest N100 values in the GMFA and LMFA. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance and should therefore be interpreted as exploratory descriptive findings. The clearest statistically significant microstate effect was observed for the TEPs. The N100 component of S4 group (-2.38 μV; |N100| = 2.38 ± 0.33 μV) was significantly higher than S2 group (p
conclusionBased on offline analysis, we established and validated a whole-brain, state-guided TMS-EEG framework for stabilizing and amplifying the N100 component. Stimulation delivered during the S4 microstate produced a larger local TEP N100 response, whereas GMFA and LMFA were analyzed as exploratory descriptive outcomes and showed S4-related numerical patterns. Moreover, the S4-related N100 enhancement remained statistically supported after downsampling from 64 to 32 channels, but was not retained in the 21- or 9-channel montages. These findings indicated that microstate-based state monitoring may offer a viable framework for future state-guided neuromodulation in both research and clinical applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.