Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42300258›Full record

ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

Combining Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor Plus Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist for Glucose-Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes: Effects of Drug Initiation Sequence on Kidney Function in Real-World Clinical Practice (CombiKid Study).

William Hinton, Mark Joy, Anna K Forbes, Martin B Whyte, José M Ordóñez-Mena, Xuejuan Fan, Filipa Ferreira, Bernardo Meza-Torres, Neil Munro, Simon de Lusignan and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

William HintonNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4927-0901
Mark JoyNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Anna K ForbesNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Martin B WhyteDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2897-2026
José M Ordóñez-MenaNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Xuejuan FanNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Filipa FerreiraNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Bernardo Meza-TorresNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-5484
Neil MunroDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Simon de LusignanNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-2641
David C WheelerCentre for Kidney and Bladder Health, University College London, London, UK.
Michael D FeherNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Funding

Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd. MISP 60830
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsSodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have separately shown renoprotective effects in clinical trials in people with type 2 diabetes. It is unclear whether combining these agents produces incremental kidney outcome benefits. MATERIALS AND

methodsRetrospective cohort study with a prevalent new-user design using pseudonymised data from the Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care sentinel network. We extracted data for two cohorts prescribed SGLT2is and/or GLP-1 RAs between January 2013 and December 2021. We 1:1 propensity score matched SGLT2i plus GLP-1 RA combination users with monotherapy (SGLT2i or GLP-1RA) users. Multivariable linear regression analyses estimated adjusted mean differences in absolute change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (baseline to 1- and 2-years follow-up) between combination and monotherapy.

resultsAcross the matched combination and SGLT2i monotherapy groups (N = 14 774), mean decline in eGFR, baseline to 1-year, was -4.5 mL/min/1.73 m

conclusionsIn real-world clinical practice, the combination of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA may be more effective for preserving kidney function than GLP-1 RA monotherapy. This effect was not seen with combination versus SGLT2i monotherapy.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHypoglycemic AgentsKidneySodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsAgedBlood GlucoseDiabetic NephropathiesDrug Therapy, CombinationFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesBlood GlucoseGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHypoglycemic AgentsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitorscohort studiesglucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonistskidney function testssodium‐glucose transporter 2 inhibitorstype 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID42300258
PMCPMC13448856

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.