ArticlePloS one2026
Long COVID risk by pre-infection symptoms and functional status: A retrospective cohort study of data from the All of Us Research Program.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
importanceOver seven million U.S. adults experience persistent health issues after COVID-19, known as "long COVID". Although multiple guidelines recommend the inclusion of functional status in long COVID diagnostic criteria, more evidence is needed to guide this recommendation. This study explored the adjusted odds of developing long COVID by pre-infection symptoms and functional status, and the feasibility of estimating functional status using health records data. DESIGN &
methodsRetrospective cohort study of U.S. adults with history of COVID-19 enrolled in a multicenter national cohort study through July 2022 (All of Us Controlled Tier CDR 7.0), using diagnostic, procedure, and billing codes from the health record, and baseline survey responses. The risk of long COVID was estimated using logistic regression by pre-infection (-5 years) incidences of (a) at least one symptom common in long COVID, and (b) functional impairment, and adjusted for disease and demographic characteristics.
resultsn = 65,464 met inclusion criteria; n = 40,655 had post-infection occurrences of at least one symptom (long COVID group), n = 24,809 had none (recovered). Adjusted odds ratios of developing long COVID increased with older age, female sex, Black racial identity, earlier variant, non-vaccination, lower pre-infection self-reported mental and cognitive health, and number of pre-infection symptoms. Adjusted odds were not significantly affected by any single pre-infection symptom, self-rated physical ability, or EHR-derived indicators of prior functional impairment.
conclusionsIn this model, there were no significant differences in risk of long COVID based on either pre-infection total incidences of long COVID symptoms (compared to the average of 4) or pre-infection functional impairment. This suggests that long COVID was associated with a change from baseline functioning and health, including in people with pre-infection incident symptoms and functional impairments. The impacts of co-occurring pre-infection symptoms requires further investigation. Both harmonized electronic health records data and patient-reported outcomes contribute important data for developing the diagnostic utility of functional status changes in long COVID.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.