ArticleResearch in pharmaceutical sciences2026
Thymoquinone and pentoxifylline modulate 5-fluorouracil-induced senescence and apoptosis in colorectal cancer spheroids.
Article in Research in pharmaceutical sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Background and purpose: Targeting senescent tumor cells with senotherapeutic agents represents a novel therapeutic strategy in overcoming chemotherapy resistance during 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to evaluate the senotherapeutic potential of thymoquinone (TQ) and pentoxifylline (PTX) in a 3D spheroid model of CRC subjected to 5-FU-induced senescence. Experimental approach: Caco-2 spheroids were generated Findings/Results: 5-FU effectively induced senescence and apoptosis in Caco-2 spheroids, as evidenced by an increased expression of p53, p16, p21, and γ-H2AX, as well as an elevated secretion of ROS. Co-treatment with TQ and PTX acted as senotherapeutic agents by enhancing apoptotic cell death through modulation of Bax/Bcl2/cleaved caspase-3 and β-galactosidase activity, and by increasing oxidative stress. Notably, the combination of TQ and PTX was shown to support a greater senotherapeutic effect. Conclusion and implications: Findings indicated that TQ and PTX acted as senotherapeutic agents in 5-FU-induced senescent CRC spheroids and may have potential as adjuvants to enhance CRC therapy.
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