ReviewFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
Advances in mechanisms of neuroplasticity induced by multimodal closed-loop brain-computer interfaces after stroke.
Review in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Post-stroke motor dysfunction is one of the leading causes of acquired disability worldwide. The induction and maintenance of neuroplasticity constitute the core mechanisms underlying motor function recovery. Conventional open-loop brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) lack real-time closed-loop feedback and are therefore unable to reliably activate the "temporal contingency" principle required by Hebbian synaptic remodeling, resulting in limited rehabilitation efficacy. Multimodal closed-loop BCIs integrate motor intent decoding, functional electrical stimulation (FES), virtual reality (VR), and exoskeleton-mediated proprioceptive feedback to construct a complete sensorimotor closed-loop circuit. These systems can precisely induce activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, facilitate cortical reorganization, and ameliorate interhemispheric inhibitory imbalance. The present review systematically examines the theoretical foundations of neuroplasticity induction by multimodal closed-loop BCIs following stroke, the constituent system components, electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence, and the key factors modulating neuroplasticity induction efficacy. Future directions toward personalized adaptive closed-loop systems and long-term home-based rehabilitation are discussed. This review integrates converging evidence from electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and randomized controlled trials to establish a comprehensive mechanistic framework for multimodal BCI-mediated neuroplasticity, and provides reference for both basic research and clinical translation in this field.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.