ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2026
External factors show reproducible local symptom-biomarker associations in middle-aged and older adults with heart disease.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Depression in middle-aged and older adults with heart disease is clinically heterogeneous, but this heterogeneity is often assessed using total symptom scores or symptom-only approaches. We examined whether multimorbidity burden, caregiving status, and sex were associated with a joint depressive symptom-biomarker network and whether the main patterns were reproducible in an independent hospital cohort. Methods: We analyzed 1,685 participants with heart disease from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study as a discovery cohort and 506 patients from an independent hospital cohort for external replication. We estimated a joint depressive symptom-biomarker network and examined node-specific associations of the three external factors, as well as subgroup differences in network structure and global connectivity. Results: The external factors were associated with heterogeneous local patterns in the joint symptom-biomarker network, whereas significant subgroup differences in overall network structure or global connectivity were not observed. The factor-specific patterns were broadest across domains for multi-morbidity burden, weaker and more localized for caregiving status, and clearest and most reproducible for sex, particularly involving high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and cystatin C. Across both cohorts, depressed mood consistently showed the highest centrality among symptom nodes. Conclusions: In middle-aged and older adults with heart disease, depressive heterogeneity was reflected more clearly in reproducible local symptom-biomarker associations than in broad network-wide differences. These findings support an assessment-oriented approach that integrates external factors and routinely available biomarkers when characterizing depressive heterogeneity in this population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.