ArticleTranslational cancer research2026
Identification of chondroitin polymerizing factor as a biomarker for predicting immunotherapy response in breast cancer: a bioinformatics analysis of tumor microenvironment.
Article in Translational cancer research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy offers remarkable clinical advantages for various cancers, but many patients still fail to receive sustained benefits from this treatment. Tumor microenvironment (TME), a multifaceted ecosystem composed of tumor cells, stromal cells, immune cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM), is critical in determining clinical outcomes and ICB response. The major aim of the study was to classify the breast cancer (BRCA) TME into distinct subtypes to predict ICB response, and to uncover the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods: Transcriptomic profiles and clinical information were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumours using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm was employed for analyzing immune and stromal cell infiltration. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to build the co-expression network. Results: BRCA TME was classified into four distinct subtypes, and the TME classification can be used to predict overall survival (OS) and immunotherapy efficacy in the TCGA-BRCA cohort. Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) was identified as playing an important role in immunosuppressive TME. Mechanistically, CHPF levels were negatively associated with natural killer (NK) cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and CD8 T cell infiltration and were positively associated with cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF), endothelial cell, and monocytic lineage infiltration. CHPF expression was correlated with the activation of PI3K/Akt, ECM dysregulation, and focal adhesion signaling pathways, while low CHPF level was significantly correlated with anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, CHPF levels were markedly elevated in the non-response group compared to the response group, regardless of pre- or on- ICB treatment. High CHPF expression was significantly correlated with poor OS after ICB treatment. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that CHPF could potentially act as a predictor for immunotherapy response in BRCA.
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