ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Immunopathogenesis of antibody-mediated rejection in liver transplantation.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) after liver transplantation (LT) is increasingly recognized as a cause of graft dysfunction, chronic injury, and graft loss, but remains difficult to diagnose because serologic, histologic, and clinical findings are often incomplete or overlapping. This review focuses specifically on liver AMR and distinguishes liver-specific evidence from mechanisms inferred from experimental models or other solid-organ transplants. We summarize how donor-specific antibodies (DSA), complement activation, Fc receptor-mediated effector mechanisms, endothelial activation, and microvascular inflammation interact with the liver graft's relative resistance to humoral injury. We also discuss the diagnostic overlap among acute AMR, chronic AMR, T cell-mediated rejection, and plasma cell-rich rejection, and propose a practical diagnostic-therapeutic framework integrating DSA, C4d, histology, graft dysfunction, and mechanism-based treatment options.
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