Cancer burden and control in China: landscape, trends and challenges.

China accounts for nearly 17% of the global population yet contributes approximately 25% of the global cancer burden with >5 million new cancers diagnosed every year; this evolving landscape is reshaping the global pattern of cancer burden. Over the past decades, cancer epidemiology trends have substantially shifted in China. Driven by a rapidly ageing population and an expanded diagnostic capacity, the number of newly diagnosed cancers in China is rising rapidly and particularly of those that are most common in high-income countries, such as lung, colorectal, prostate, thyroid, female breast and cervical cancers. Conversely, the incidence of cancers historically prevalent in China, including oesophageal, gastric and liver cancers, has been declining substantially. In response to this escalating and evolving cancer burden, China has implemented a series of national cancer control initiatives starting in 1986. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology and temporal trends of cancer burden in China, both overall and for the major cancer types, and analyse the key contributors to this landscape, including risk factors, screening programmes and cancer care provision. In the context of national cancer control policies and targets, we further assess progress and discuss the remaining challenges in prevention, screening and cancer treatment, as well as the implications for global cancer control in the coming decades.