ArticleZhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery2026
[An integrated electrical stimulation-drug iontophoresis-monitoring system for tendon injury repair].
Article in Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To develop an integrated system for tendon injury repair that combines electrical stimulation, drug iontophoresis, and electromyography (EMG) monitoring, and validate it in a rat Achilles tendon injury model. Methods: A flexible 16-channel acquisition and stimulation system was constructed based on field programmable gate array. The system had a sampling rate ranging from 250 SPS to 16 kSPS with a resolution of 5 μV, and the stimulation current was 2.55 mA with a resolution of 10 nA, enabling synchronous and stable stimulation and signal monitoring. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats with induced Achilles tendon injuries were randomly allocated to three groups ( Results: All rats survived until the scheduled experimental time point. All animals presented postoperative limping, which recovered spontaneously within 2 weeks without obvious intergroup difference. EMG results demonstrated that all groups underwent a consistent three-stage recovery process, namely compensatory activation, collagen remodeling, and functional recovery. The electrical stimulation group exhibited the mildest EMG fluctuations, whereas the drug iontophoresis group showed the most significant early muscular compensatory activation. Obvious differences in EMG characteristics between the injured and contralateral healthy sides were observed in the early stage, which gradually diminished and finally achieved synchronization with the progression of tendon repair. The support vector machine (SVM) achieved a classification accuracy of 85.8% for recovery stage identification. Gross observation and histological examination revealed that both intervention groups displayed milder peritendinous adhesion and better tendon luster compared with the blank control group, and achieved superior tendon repair outcomes. Conclusion: The integrated system proves to be effective for both the assessment and intervention of tendon injury repair. EMG signals can reliably distinguish between different stages of Achilles tendon recovery. Furthermore, both electrical stimulation and iontophoretic drug delivery promote repair by effectively regulating collagen remodeling and modulating compensatory muscle activation patterns.
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