Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42326825›Full record

ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026

Malaria Risk among Internally Mobile Individuals and Heterogeneous Mobility Patterns in Two Hypoendemic Communities: Implications for Malaria Elimination in the Peruvian Amazon.

Roberson Ramirez, Carlos Acosta, Pamela Rodríguez, Luis Cabrera-Sosa, Ananias A Escalante, Joseph M Vinetz, Katherine Torres, Dionicia Gamboa

Abstract readPreprint
In one paragraph

Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Roberson RamirezLaboratorio ICEMR-Enfermedades Emergentes, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.ORCID 0000-0001-8753-2795
Carlos AcostaLaboratorio ICEMR-Enfermedades Emergentes, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Pamela RodríguezLaboratorio de Malaria: Parásitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Luis Cabrera-SosaLaboratorio de Malaria: Parásitos y Vectores, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Ananias A EscalanteInstitute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (IGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Joseph M VinetzLaboratorio ICEMR-Enfermedades Emergentes, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Katherine TorresLaboratorio ICEMR-Enfermedades Emergentes, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Dionicia GamboaLaboratorio ICEMR-Enfermedades Emergentes, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Human mobility is increasingly recognized as a key factor influencing malaria transmission dynamics, particularly in low-transmission settings approaching elimination. This study aimed to assess mobility patterns and their association with malaria risk in two hypoendemic communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Method: A longitudinal study was conducted in the communities of Libertad and Urcomiraño (Mazán River basin). Monthly population screenings were combined with weekly active and passive case detection. A total of 678 individuals were enrolled. Mobility patterns were assessed through structured questionnaires, and social network analysis was used to characterize travel connections. Log-binomial regression analysis was applied to identify risk factors associated with malaria infection. Result: Internally, mobile individuals in Libertad showed a higher malaria incidence (>32.47 cases per 1,000 person-months) than those in Urcomiraño (<10.15 cases per 1,000 person-months). Travel networks were mainly connected to Mazan district and Iquitos city, followed by local streams such as Armas and Arahuana. Mobility was primarily driven by family, administrative and occupational activities. Male sex (PR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.37 - 3.37) and age ≥15 years (PR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.24 - 3.19) were significantly associated with malaria infection (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Internally mobile populations represent a key high-risk group sustaining malaria transmission in hypoendemic settings. Targeted interventions focusing on mobile individuals should be integrated into malaria elimination strategies in the Peruvian Amazon and similar endemic regions.

Indexed as

human mobilityinternally mobile individualsMalaria eliminationsocial network analysis

Identifiers

PMID42326825
PMCPMC13278224

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.