ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Immune imbalance markers: key factors in early recognition of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in non-immunocompromised VAP patients.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Research on the role of immune dysregulation in multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains limited, and there is a lack of reliable immunological indicators for early identification. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 247 non-immunocompromised patients who developed VAP following mechanical ventilation in the Neurointensive Care Unit (NICU). Patients were categorized into MDRO and non-MDRO groups based on the presence or absence of MDRO infection. Binary logistic regression with sequential adjustment (three models), subgroup analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to evaluate associations between MDRO infection and early-stage (within 72 hours) immunological indicators, including IL-10, IL-17A, IL-6, and T-cell parameters (CD4 Result: In univariate analysis, T-cell parameters showed no statistical significance, but IL-10 and IL-6 levels were significantly elevated in the MDRO group. In the fully adjusted logistic regression model, IL-10 and IL-6 were identified as independent risk factors. Higher IL-10 tertiles showed a dose-response relationship with MDRO risk. Subgroup analysis indicated that elevated IL-10 and IL-6 increased MDRO risk in patients with albumin ≥30 g/L. ROC analysis demonstrated good diagnostic performance for IL-10, IL-6, and their combined model (IL-10+IL-6). Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) infection than in those with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infection, indicating pathogen specificity. In contrast, IL-10 levels did not differ significantly across MDRO subgroups (CRAB, ESBL-KP, CRPA, and mixed infection), suggesting a universal host immune response to MDRO infection. Conclusions: Within 72 hours after VAP onset, elevated serum IL-10 and IL-6 levels are an immune dysregulation state resulting from multiple immune factor imbalance mechanisms, which may facilitate early identification of patients at risk for MDRO infection, with serum IL-10 levels showing potential value as an independent biomarker. Serum IL-10 levels may sensitively reflect the host's immune dysregulation status, whereas serum IL-6 levels may indicate a specific immune response to a certain MDRO strain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.