ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Trained immunity as a systemic bridge: the liver-gut-immune-oral axis in the comorbidity of chronic liver disease and periodontitis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Trained immunity (TI) reveals that innate immune cells acquire long-term functional memory through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. This review examines TI in chronic liver diseases and periodontitis, proposing the "Liver-Gut-Immune-Oral Axis" as a framework where TI bridges these comorbidities. The forward pathway, currently inferred from mechanistic and associative studies, proposes that liver-gut dysfunction induces bone marrow training, generating hyper-reactive monocytes that amplify periodontal inflammation. The reverse pathway, similarly conceptual, proposes that periodontal pathogens reprogram hematopoietic progenitors, accelerating liver disease progression. Both converge on shared metabolic-epigenetic reprogramming circuits. We emphasize that this axis represents a conceptual framework synthesized from current mechanistic and associative evidence; its validity as an integrated, causally-linked biological system awaits direct experimental validation. Targeting TI with metabolic modulators, epigenetic drugs, or periodontal interventions offers strategies to disrupt this cycle and advance precision medicine for inflammatory comorbidities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.