ArticleOphthalmology science2026
Bupivacaine-Induced Regeneration in Rabbit Extraocular Muscles: Implications for the Treatment of Strabismus.
Article in Ophthalmology science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Local injections such as bupivacaine are used to treat strabismus, although the mechanism of its clinical effects is unknown. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of bupivacaine on extraocular muscle regeneration in a preclinical model. Design: Laboratory study. Controls: Three-month-old male New Zealand white rabbits with age- and sex-matched saline injection controls and uninjected controls. Methods: One superior rectus muscle per animal was injected with either 3% bupivacaine or saline control and harvested at 1 week, 1 month, or 3 months after treatment. Histomorphometric analysis was used to determine the effects of bupivacaine on extraocular muscles. Data were analyzed for the global and orbital layer separately, as well as the entire muscle cross-sectional area. Main Outcome Measures: Muscle morphology, markers of muscle regeneration, muscle size. Results: Treatment with 3% bupivacaine had a myodestructive effect on the injected extraocular muscle, with disruption of myofiber organization and areas of missing myofibers. However, even 1 week after injection, we observed significantly more embryonic myosin heavy chain-positive myofibers, indicating newly regenerated myofibers, in the bupivacaine group compared with the saline group. Embryonic myosin heavy chain was still significantly expressed at 1 month after bupivacaine injection in extraocular muscles, in stark contrast to skeletal muscles elsewhere in the body where embryonic myosin heavy chain expression decreases 1 to 2 weeks after injury. There was a significant increase in the density of muscle stem cells and myofibers with centralized nuclei 3 months after bupivacaine injection compared with saline in both the orbital and global layers. Muscle size and extracellular matrix components were not increased at 3 months after bupivacaine injection compared with saline. Conclusions: Bupivacaine's effects on extraocular muscles may be explained in part by bupivacaine triggering a regenerative response, initially forming new myofibers and increasing the number of muscle stem cells to exert its effects as a treatment for strabismus. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.