Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42333018›Full record

ArticleEpidemiology and infection2026

Influence of climate variability and seasonal trends on malaria incidence in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania using generalized additive models.

Iddi Mapande, January G Msemakweli, Katherine C Lan, Victor Okpanachi, Hussein Mohamed, Rajendra P Shrestha

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Iddi MapandeDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Science Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
January G MsemakweliDepartment of Epidemiology, https://ror.org/00za53h95Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-6743-8479
Katherine C LanDepartment of Epidemiology, https://ror.org/00za53h95Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Victor OkpanachiDepartment of Environmental Health Science, https://ror.org/03m2x1q45The University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Hussein MohamedDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Science Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Rajendra P ShresthaDepartment of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Development and Sustainability, https://ror.org/0403qcr87Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment Resources and Development, Thailand.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

While malaria transmission in coastal East Africa is strongly shaped by climatic variability, few studies examine long-term interactions in rapidly urbanizing settings. This study evaluated the impact of climate and seasonal trends on malaria incidence in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (2014-2024). Monthly cases and meteorological data were analyzed using seasonal-trend decomposition (STL) and generalized additive models (GAMs) to quantify nonlinear and lagged climatic associations. Over the decade, malaria incidence declined sharply from >130 cases per 10,000 in 2014 to <30 by 2023. However, strong seasonal peaks persisted, with STL revealing consistent annual surges during April-June following the rainy season. GAM analysis identified rainfall as the dominant climatic driver, demonstrating significant 1- and 2-month lagged effects (p < 0.001). Daytime (1-month lag) and night-time (2-month lag) temperatures showed non-linear associations, peaking in incidence at optimal mosquito-development temperatures (~30-31°C). Despite substantial incidence declines, transmission remains highly climate-sensitive. Driven primarily by lagged rainfall and temperature effects rather than current-month conditions, these dynamics underscore the urgent need for climate-informed early warning systems and targeted seasonal interventions in coastal urban environments.

Indexed as

ClimateMalariaSeasonsHumansIncidenceRainTanzaniaTemperatureclimate variabilityDar es Salaamecological time seriesgeneralized additive modelmalaria incidence

Identifiers

PMID42333018
PMCPMC13366360

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.