ArticleClinical & translational immunology2026
Effect of CXCR5, PD-1 and ICOS on B-cell responses and relevance to myasthenia gravis.
Article in Clinical & translational immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells regulate B-cell responses within germinal centres primarily via programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), whereas CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5)-negative T peripheral helper (Tph) cells provide similar support extra-follicularly. Both subsets contribute to the pathogenesis of acetylcholine receptor-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis (AChR-MG). This study investigated the roles of PD-1, ICOS and CXCR5 in T-cell-mediated B-cell activation to identify therapeutic targets for MG. Methods: CD4 T cells from 10 healthy controls and six untreated AChR-MG patients were sorted by CXCR5, PD-1 and ICOS expression, stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28, and co-cultured with autologous CD19 B cells. Plasmablast differentiation, total AChR-IgG and cytokine productions were measured. Results: In healthy donors, PD-1 Conclusions: PD-1 expression on CD4
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