ReviewMolecular biology reports2026
Vagus nerve as the hub in peripheral immune-inflammatory response: implications for related therapeutic drugs.
Review in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The vagus nerve is one of the most widely distributed and functionally complex nerves in the body. It is closely associated with higher neurological functions such as motor control, learning, and memory. Increasing evidence also demonstrates that it plays a crucial role in immune regulation and anti-inflammatory responses. This review first describes the mechanisms by which the vagus nerve regulates autonomous anti-inflammatory immunity. These mechanisms include the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the brain-spleen axis, the brain-gut axis, the modulation of immune cell activity, and the release of multiple neurotransmitters. Each of these pathways contributes to the regulation of peripheral inflammatory responses. Further analysis reveals that these pathways are not independent parallel mechanisms. Instead, they form an integrated neuro-immune-endocrine regulatory network. Within this network, the vagus nerve acts as a central hub. Peripheral inflammatory signals, sensed via the gut-brain axis or mediators, reach the Central Nervous System (CNS) through vagal afferents. This triggers dual pathways: HPA-mediated systemic tolerance and CAP-mediated local anti-inflammatory effects. Integrated with the brain-spleen axis, these mechanisms form a closed-loop network maintaining peripheral immune homeostasis. Additionally, this review compiles therapeutic drugs and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) derivatives related to these mechanisms. We explore their mechanisms of action and potential value in treating peripheral inflammatory diseases. This discussion provides a theoretical basis for future anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drug development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.