Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42340531›Full record

ReviewCurrent heart failure reports2026

Acute and Chronic Myocarditis in Men and Women.

Enrico Ammirati, Adelina Selimi, Matteo Palazzini, Nicolina Conti, Maria Di Cicco, Marisa Varrenti, Daniel Ignacio Conforme Torres, Iside Cartella, Paola Sormani, Caterina Santolamazza and 4 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Current heart failure reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Enrico AmmiratiDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy. enrico.ammirati@ospedaleniguarda.it.
Adelina SelimiDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Matteo PalazziniDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Nicolina ContiDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Maria Di CiccoRheumatology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.
Marisa VarrentiDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Daniel Ignacio Conforme TorresDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Iside CartellaDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Paola SormaniDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Caterina SantolamazzaDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Andrea FarinaDepartment of Cardiology, ASST Lecco, Ospedale Alessandro Manzoni, Via Dell'Eremo, 9/11 - 23900, Lecco (LC), Italy.
Andrea GarasciaDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Piero GentileDepartment of Clinical Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
Sara MoriDepartment of Cardiology, ASST Lecco, Ospedale Alessandro Manzoni, Via Dell'Eremo, 9/11 - 23900, Lecco (LC), Italy. s.mori@asst-lecco.it.

Funding

European Union, NextGenerationEU - Mission 6/ Component 2 / Investment 2.1 / PNRR - CUP H43C21000150006 PNRR-MAD-2022-12376225
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose of reviewAcute myocarditis (AM) shows sex-specific differences in prevalence, clinical phenotype, and outcomes. This review summarizes evidence from studies published between 2000 and 2026 reporting sex-stratified data on AM epidemiology, presentation, and prognosis to guide future research and a more personalized management. RECENT

findingsAM is more frequent in males (54-84%), who present at a younger median age than females (31-35 vs. 38-54 years). This disparity emerges from school age, peaks between 15 and 50 years, and attenuates after menopause, when female incidence increases. Men more often present with chest pain (78-91% vs. 58-78%), ST-segment elevation (35-75% vs. 8-44%), and higher troponin levels. Women more frequently present with dyspnea (29-71% vs. 9-26%), heart failure (11-55% vs. 4-47%), and a prior autoimmune disease (4-25% vs 1-10%). Contemporary registries suggest a worse early course in women, with fulminant presentation in 10-71% vs. 15-17% in men, and in-hospital mortality of 4-8% vs. 2-5%. Conversely, men appear more prone to recurrent myocarditis (3-6% vs. 2-3%). Women are overrepresented in AM associated with desmosomal gene variants (33-69%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (83-91%), whereas men predominate in eosinophilic myocarditis (67-82%) and cardiac sarcoidosis (57-70%). Current evidence supports meaningful sex-related differences in AM prevalence and prognosis, with women appearing to experience a worse early clinical course despite the overall male predominance. Larger dedicated studies are needed to improve sex-tailored risk stratification and management.

Indexed as

MyocarditisAcute DiseaseChronic DiseaseFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIncidenceMalePrevalencePrognosisSex FactorsAcute myocarditisCardiac sarcoidosisInflammatory cardiomyopathySex differences

Identifiers

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.