ArticleFrontiers in molecular biosciences2026
A tissue-engineered human psoriatic skin model: targeting inflammation and glucose metabolism dysregulation in psoriasis using microneedle patches.
Article in Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Psoriasis, an inflammatory skin disease, affects nearly 43 million individuals globally, and patients are 59% more likely to have type 2 diabetes. In this study, tissue-engineered psoriatic human skin substitutes were produced using keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from patients with plaque psoriasis, and were enriched with human T lymphocytes to amplify the inflammation. Tissue-engineered healthy human skin substitutes served as a control. The psoriatic model exhibited type 2 diabetes-like features, including diminished uptake of insulin and glucose, with glucose uptake being approximately eight times lower than in the healthy skin model. Insulin-like growth factor signalling was impaired with lower insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) levels, as well as elevated insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4) levels in the cell culture supernatants. This is the first human skin model to concurrently exhibit both psoriatic inflammation and insulin resistance. Moreover, to assess therapeutic potential, phloretin-loaded microneedle patches were applied for 1 week. They reduced the levels of cytokines involved in both psoriasis and insulin resistance: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A). This anti-inflammatory activity was more pronounced than that of systemic-like methotrexate and methotrexate-loaded microneedle patches. The microneedles loaded with phloretin tended to enhance insulin uptake and reduce IGFBP-4 levels in the supernatants; however, these changes were not statistically significant. Prolonging the treatment period beyond 1 week or combining it with another compound loaded into the microneedles that improves insulin sensitivity may increase the efficacy of this approach by simultaneously addressing psoriasis and type 2 diabetes.
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