ArticleAnnals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches2026
Perioperative Code Status Discussions in Surgical Practice: Results from a National Survey Among Swiss Surgeons.
Article in Annals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To evaluate current practices and attitudes of general surgeons in Switzerland regarding perioperative code status discussions (CSD) and the management of surgical patients. Background: CSDs are a critical component of perioperative care. Although guidelines recommend addressing code status with all surgical patients, implementation remains inconsistent and influenced by institutional and clinical barriers. Methods: A national web-based survey was conducted among surgeons in Switzerland. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants routinely conducting CSD in patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists 3 to 4 (ASA 3-4) according to the ASA classification system. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of preoperative CSD in patients classified as ASA 1 to 2 and ASA 5, as well as preoperative discussions of therapy limitations and management of patients with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders. Results: Of 266 participants, 243 were included in the analysis (mean age 45.7 years ±12.5; 40.3% female). 71.2% reported routinely conduct CSDs with patients classified as ASA 3 to 4. Factors independently associated with routine discussions included prior exposure to more than 10 perioperative resuscitations [27.2% (47/173) vs 12.9% (9/70), adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.9 (95% confidence interval CI: 1.28-6.56), Conclusion: Most surgeons reported conducting CSDs in patients classified as ASA 3 to 4 and generally supported respecting DNR orders perioperatively. However, institutional training remains limited. Expanding structured education, improving guideline implementation, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration may improve the consistency and quality of perioperative communication.
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