Engineering bone tissue with mRNA: from molecular design and delivery to clinical applications.

Claudia Del Toro Runzer, Martijn van Griensven, Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Materials today (Kidlington, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Claudia Del Toro RunzerDepartment of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.

Martijn van GriensvenDepartment of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.

Elizabeth Rosado BalmayorMusculoskeletal Gene Therapy Laboratory, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0484-4847

Funding

NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR074395

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bone possesses an intrinsic ability to regenerate after injury, but this capacity is often compromised in pathological conditions. Non-healing fractures are typically treated with autografts, which involve additional surgeries, patient discomfort, and risk of complications. Alternative strategies, such as the administration of growth factor proteins or plasmid DNA, have shown promise but are limited by high costs, immunogenicity, and safety concerns. Recently, messenger RNA (mRNA) therapies have emerged as a compelling alternative for inducing bone regeneration. Unlike DNA, mRNA functions in the cytoplasm, eliminating the need for nuclear entry and minimizing the risk of insertional mutagenesis. It is also transiently expressed and fully degradable, offering a favorable safety profile. Chemical modifications to mRNA can improve its stability, translational efficiency, and reduce innate immune activation, making it a versatile and potent tool for therapeutic applications. In this review, we explore the types of chemical modifications used to enhance mRNA performance, the delivery strategies employed for efficient cellular uptake (including

Indexed as

Bone regenerationChemically modified mRNAFracturesGene deliverymRNA therapeuticsTissue engineeringTranscript therapy

Identifiers

PMID42344670

DOI10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.002

PMCPMC13290276

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.