ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Polysaccharides-gut microbiota interaction: mechanisms regulating the hepatocellular carcinoma immune microenvironment.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis, and the clinical responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remain limited. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important role in HCC progression through the gut-liver axis. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which polysaccharide-gut microbiota interactions reshape the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in HCC, and discusses the translational potential and challenges of this emerging therapeutic axis. Specifically, gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes chronic hepatic inflammation and immunosuppression through metabolites such as lipopolysaccharide, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids. As biocompatible prebiotics, natural polysaccharides can selectively enrich beneficial gut bacteria, including Bacteroides and Akkermansia, promote the production of immunoregulatory metabolites, and regulate key signaling pathways such as TLR/NF-κB, bile acid-FXR, and PD-1/PD-L1. Nanopolysaccharides designed to improve tumor-targeting efficiency are also being explored in preclinical studies for HCC. Despite the therapeutic potential of the gut microbiota-polysaccharide-liver TME axis, several challenges remain, including polysaccharide structural heterogeneity, unclear microbiota-immune causal relationships, and undefined safe dose windows. Overall, this review provides an integrated overview of polysaccharide-based modulation of the HCC immune microenvironment and may offer insights for the development of more precise therapeutic strategies according to HCC etiological heterogeneity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.