ArticleMethods and protocols2026
Boron-Doped Carbon Dots for Organelle Labeling and Mitochondrial Bioimaging.
Article in Methods and protocols, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCarbon dots (CDs) are promising fluorescent nanomaterials with great application potential in bioimaging and organelle-targeted diagnostics. This study compares nitrogen-doped (N-CDs) and boron-nitrogen co-doped CDs (BN-CDs) in normal NIH3T3 fibroblasts and KRAS-transformed cells.
methodsCDs were synthesized via a microwave-assisted method. Their fluorescence, cytocompatibility, and intracellular localization were evaluated using confocal microscopy, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, and organelle colocalization. Cellular metabolism was assessed by Seahorse analysis. Oxidative stress and cAMP levels were pharmacologically modulated.
resultsBN-CDs exhibited stronger intracellular fluorescence than N-CDs, indicating enhanced uptake and imaging performance, with no cytotoxicity up to 100 µg/mL. They localized to multiple organelles, particularly mitochondria. However, fluorescence was significantly reduced in KRAS-transformed cells despite similar mitochondrial mass. BN-CDs did not affect mitochondrial respiration or glycolytic activity. Induced oxidative stress or elevated cAMP in normal cells reduced BN-CD fluorescence.
conclusionsBoron doping improves N-CD imaging properties without affecting cell viability or metabolism. Reduced fluorescence in KRAS cells is associated with altered intracellular conditions, suggesting that BN-CDs could be used to discriminate between normal and cancer cells.
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